HIPAA: Disclosing Exam Results to Employers

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Physicians and other providers are often paid by employers to conduct drug tests, fitness-for-duty or return-to-work exams, or employment physicals for employees. In such circumstances, the physician may mistakenly assume that they may disclose the test and exam results to the employer without the patient’s authorization, but that is not correct.

As with any other protected health information, physicians and other providers generally need the patient’s written, HIPAA-compliant authorization to disclose exam results to the employer. (45 CFR 164.508(a); see also 65 FR 82592 and 82640). However, unlike other treatment situations, a provider may condition the performance of an employee physical or test on the patient’s provision of an authorization, i.e., the provider may refuse to perform the exam unless the patient executes a valid authorization. (45 CFR 164.508(b)(4)(iii); 65 FR 82516 and 82658). In addition, the employer may condition the employee’s continued employment on the provision of the exam results (at least under HIPAA), thereby creating an incentive for the employee to execute the authorization. (65 FR 82592 and 82640). The foregoing rules also apply when the health care provider is the employer, e.g., when a hospital employee receives treatment or tests at the hospital. In those situations, the hospital/employer generally may not access or use the patient/employee’s health information for employment-related purposes without the patient’s written authorization. (67 FR 53191-92). Read more

HIPAA, E-mails, and Texts to Patients or Others

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by Kim C. Stanger, Holland & Hart LLP

The HIPAA Privacy and Security Rules require covered entities (including healthcare providers and health plans) and their business associates to implement certain safeguards when e-mailing or texting electronic protected health information (“e-PHI”) to patients or others.

E-mails and Texts to Patients. The HIPAA Privacy Rule not only allows but requires covered entities to communicate with patients via e-mail or text if requested by the patient. (See 45 CFR 164.522(b)). However, the Privacy Rule requires covered entities to implement appropriate safeguards when e-mailing or texting e-PHI to patients. The Office for Civil Rights (“OCR”) explained:

The Privacy Rule allows covered health care providers to communicate electronically, such as through e-mail, with their patients, provided they apply reasonable safeguards when doing so. (See 45 CFR 164.530(c)). For example, certain precautions may need to be taken when using e-mail to avoid unintentional disclosures, such as checking the e-mail address for accuracy before sending, or sending an e-mail alert to the patient for address confirmation prior to sending the message. Further, while the Privacy Rule does not prohibit the use of unencrypted e-mail for treatment-related communications between health care providers and patients, other safeguards should be applied to reasonably protect privacy, such as limiting the amount or type of information disclosed through the unencrypted e-mail. In addition, covered entities will want to ensure that any transmission of electronic protected health information is in compliance with the HIPAA Security Rule requirements at 45 CFR Part 164, Subpart C.

(OCR FAQ dated 12/15/08, available at http://www.hhs.gov/ocr/privacy/hipaa/faq/health_information_technology/570.html). Read more

Valid HIPAA Authorizations: A Checklist

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by Kim C. Stanger, Holland & Hart LLP

The HIPAA privacy rules generally prohibit healthcare providers and their business associates from using or disclosing protected health information (“PHI”) unless (1) they have a valid written HIPAA authorization signed by the patient or the patient’s personal representative, or (2) a specific regulatory exception applies.1 Many if not most authorizations received by providers are invalid. To be valid, a HIPAA authorization must satisfy the following2: Read more

HIPAA Business Associate Agreements: Deadline Approaching

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by Kim C. Stanger, Holland & Hart LLP

If they have not already done so, the deadline for covered entities and business associates to update their HIPAA business associate agreements to comply with Omnibus Rule requirements is September 22, 2014.

BAA Requirements. HIPAA requires that covered entities and business associates execute contracts (called “business associate agreements” or “BAAs”) which require that business associates comply with certain portions of the HIPAA Privacy, Security and Breach Notification Rules. (45 CFR 164.314(a)), 164.502(e), and 164.504(e)). The HIPAA Omnibus Rule changed BAA requirements. Under the Omnibus Rule, covered entities and business associates must modify their BAAs to require business associates to:

  • comply with the HIPAA Security Rule;
  • execute BAAs with any of their subcontractors that create, receive, maintain, or transmit protected health information on behalf of the business associate;
  • report security incidents, including breaches of unsecured health information; and
  • comply with the Privacy Rule requirements applicable to covered entities if and to the extent the business associate is to carry out a covered entity’s obligations under the Privacy Rule.

(45 CFR 164.314(a) and 164.502(e)). For a checklist of all required BAA terms, click here. The Office for Civil Rights (“OCR”) has also published sample BAA provisions, although the OCR sample may not include additional terms that covered entities or business associates may want to include in their BAAs. Read more

Avoiding Business Associate Agreements

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by Kim Stanger, Holland & Hart LLP

The HIPAA privacy rules now apply to both covered entities (e.g., healthcare providers and health plans) and their business associates. A “business associate” is generally a person or entity who “creates, receives, maintains or transmits” protected health information (“PHI”) in the course of performing services on behalf of the covered entity (e.g., consultants; management, billing, coding, transcription or marketing companies; information technology contractors; data storage or document destruction companies; data transmission companies or vendors who routinely access PHI; third party administrators; personal health record vendors; lawyers; accountants; malpractice insurers; etc.) (See 45 CFR 160.103). “A covered entity may be a business associate of another covered entity.” (Id.). Also, with very limited exceptions, a subcontractor or other entity that creates, receives, maintains or transmits PHI on behalf of a business associate is also a business associate. (Id.; 78 FR 5572). To determine if an entity is a business associate, see the attached Business Associate Decision Tree. Read more